Older people are more susceptible to heat-related illness due to age-related physiological changes, such as reduced sweating and poor circulation, which impair the body’s ability to regulate temperature. They are also more likely to live alone, be socially isolated, or have underlying health conditions such as heart disease or high blood pressure that worsen in extreme heat.

Children, especially infants and toddlers, have smaller body sizes and a higher metabolic rate, which makes them heat up faster than adults. They also depend on caregivers to keep them safe and hydrated — and may not recognise or communicate early signs of heat stress.

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Pregnant women are at increased risk, as heat can be linked to preterm birth, low birth weight, miscarriages, and stillbirths. Breastfeeding women are also at risk of dehydration and need more fluids to maintain their own health and support lactation.

Individuals with chronic health conditions — such as respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and kidney disease — are especially vulnerable:

• Diabetes can impair sweating and thermoregulation.

• Kidney disease affects fluid balance and increases the risk of dehydration.

• Heart and lung conditions are worsened by heat, increasing strain on vital organs.

• Medications like diuretics or antihypertensives may also dehydrate the body or impair heat regulation.

People with neurological conditions like dementia or Parkinson’s may not perceive the heat or know how to respond, putting them in danger without realising it.

People working outdoors — including farmers, construction workers, delivery riders, and street vendors — are often exposed to high heat for long hours, with limited access to shade, water, or rest. Physical exertion under these conditions sharply increases the risk of heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

"Outdoor workers are extremely exposed during periods of extreme heat. Many of them spend long hours in direct sunlight, doing physically demanding work, often without access to adequate shade, water, or rest. That’s why any heat response must consider the realities faced by outdoor labourers and include specific, context-appropriate strategies to protect them."  - Dr. Aina Barceló, Climate Advisor, Climate Advisor, Doctors Without Borders

People living in overcrowded shelters, refugee camps, or informal settlements often lack access to fans, cooling systems, clean water, or healthcare — making it harder to prevent or treat heat-related illnesses. Women and children in these settings may also face additional barriers to protection, care, or mobility.

• Drink plenty of water throughout the day, even if you don't feel thirsty. Aim to consume at least 8 to 10 glasses of water daily, and more if you're engaging in physical activity or sweating heavily. And always have your water bottle with you when you are going out. 

• Avoid alcoholic beverages, caffeinated drinks, and sugary beverages, as they can increase dehydration. Choose water, electrolyte-rich sports drinks, or coconut water to replenish lost fluids and electrolytes.  

• Monitor your urine colour: Pale yellow urine indicates adequate hydration, while darker urine may signal dehydration. If your urine is dark, increase your fluid intake.  

• Seek out cool environments, such as buildings or community centres with good ventilation or air circulation, especially during the hottest parts of the day.  

• Use fans to lower indoor temperatures and promote air circulation. Take cool showers or baths or use damp towels to cool your skin.   

• Close blinds, curtains, or shades during the day to block out direct sunlight and keep indoor spaces cooler. Consider using reflective window coatings or insulated curtains to reduce heat gain.  

• Wear lightweight, loose-fitting clothing made from breathable fabrics such as cotton or linen. Light-coloured clothing reflects sunlight and helps keep your body cool.  

• Choose moisture-wicking clothing designed for outdoor activities, which helps to draw sweat away from your skin and promote evaporation, keeping you cooler and more comfortable.  

• Protect your head and face with a wide-brimmed hat or cap to shade your face from direct sunlight. Sunglasses with UV protection can also help protect your eyes from harmful UV rays.  

• Minimize outdoor activities, especially strenuous exercise and physical labour, during the hottest parts of the day, typically between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. If you must be outdoors, try to schedule activities for early morning or late evening when temperatures are cooler. 

• Take frequent breaks in shaded or cool areas to rest and cool down. Listen to your body and pace yourself to avoid overheating and exhaustion.   

• Use sunscreen with a high Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and reapply regularly, especially if you'll be spending extended periods outdoors. Sunburn can increase your body's temperature and increase the risk of heat-related illness.  

• If you notice a significant deterioration in your health during a heat wave, seek medical help immediately in the closest healthcare facility from you. 

 Prepare an Emergency Kit. Assemble an emergency kit with essential supplies to help you cope with heat waves and potential power outages. Your emergency kit should include:

• Ample water: Store at least one gallon of water per person per day for drinking and hygiene needs. Consider storing additional water for pets. 

• Non-perishable food: Stock up on nutritious, easy-to-prepare foods that require little to no cooking, such as canned goods, granola bars, dried fruits, and nuts. 

• First aid supplies: Include items such as bandages, antiseptic wipes, sunscreen, insect repellent, and any necessary medications like individual medication for people with chronic diseases who take daily medications as they have a greater risk of complications and death during heat waves. 

• Portable fans or battery-operated fans: Use fans to improve air circulation and help cool indoor spaces during power outages. 

• Flashlights or battery-powered lanterns: Ensure you have adequate lighting in case of power failures or nighttime emergencies. 

• Personal hygiene items: Pack toiletries, hygiene products, and sanitation supplies to maintain cleanliness and comfort during prolonged periods without power or running water. 

• Emergency contacts: Keep a list of important phone numbers, including local emergency services, healthcare providers, and utility companies, in your emergency kit. 

By being prepared and proactive, you can minimize the risks associated with heat waves and ensure the safety and well-being of yourself and your loved ones during extreme heat events.